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Using a VPN is a terrific way to protect your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your local files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shot's iPhone, they asked Apple for a rear door to get past the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to make one. The FBI had to employ hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Since the moment a back door or comparable hack is different, it becomes a target, a decoration for the poor guys. It'll leak sooner or later. In a talk at Black Hat this past summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update thembut the bad guys can't get in either. .

All of the products in this roundup explicitly state that they have no rear door, and that is as it ought to be. It will mean that if you encrypt an essential document and then forget the encryption password, then you have lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to maintain a document secret you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a protected. The two main methods in encryption utilities parallel those options.

One sort of product simply processes files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. Another creates a virtual disc drive that, when open, acts like any other drive on your system. When you lock the virtual drive, each of the files that you put into it are entirely inaccessible. .

Similar to the digital drive solution, a few products store your encrypted information in the cloud. This strategy demands extreme care, obviously. Encrypted information in the cloud has a much larger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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Which is better It really depends on how you plan go to the website to use encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of the 30-day free trial provided by each of those products to have a feel for the different options.

Once you copy a file into secure storage, or make an encrypted version of it, then you absolutely need to wipe the unencrypted original. Just deleting it isn't sufficient, even if you skip the Recycle Bin, because the information still exists on disc, and data recovery utilities can often get it back. .

Some encryption products prevent this problem by encrypting the document in place, literally overwriting it on disc using an encrypted version. It is more common, though, to offer secure deletion as an option. If you select something that lacks this attribute, you ought to find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting information before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based retrieval tools. Hardware-based forensic retrieval works because the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the procedure involves nulling out the known information and reading around the edges of what is left.

An encryption algorithm is similar to a black box. Dump a document, image, or other file into it, and you get back what sounds like gibberish. Run that gibberish back via the box, with the exact same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and every one of the products accumulated here service AES. Even the ones that support other algorithms tend to recommend using AES.

If you are an encryption specialist, you may want another algorithm, Blowfish, possibly, or even the Soviet government's GOST. For the average consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them secret, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you get two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, enroll it in an integral exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you like. The other is personal, and needs to be closely guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this system in reverse, you can make a digital signature that proves your document came from you and hasn't been altered. How Exactly To encrypt it with your private key. The simple fact that your public key decrypts it is all of the evidence you need. PKI support is less common than service for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to share a document with someone and your encryption tool doesn't support PKI, there are different options for sharing. Many products enable creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You may also find that the recipient can use a complimentary, decryption-only tool.